This report is the third in a series of reports financed by the Nordic Social Statistical Committee (NOSOSCO), discussing future challenges to the Nordic Welfare states. Building on the assumption that there are some key common traits shared by the Nordic welfare states justifying the use of the label “Nordic welfare model”. The purpose of the report is to use comparable indicators to analyse some key challenges faced by the welfare states. Identifying and describing comparative indicators for common challenges may be suitable both for analysing the challenges and for policy making in the Nordic countries. At their best, indicators are measures that condenseinformation on relevant issues and facilitate policy making. More emphasis on the challenge coming from increased immigrationto the Nordic countries in the recent years, since this has reached the forefront ofpublic and political debate in all of the Nordic countries.