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Nordic and Infertile: A study of options and decisions
Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic School of Public Health NHV.
2012 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aim: The aim of this thesis was to obtain an overview over the options of Nordic infertile couples regarding assisted reproduction treatment, and to follow couples’ arguments and decision-making process to make relevant decisions about these options.

Methods: Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The study design was inspired by Ecological systems theory, where data was gathered from laws and regulations (macro-level), fertility clinics (meso-level) and the couples using these options (micro-level). Study I consists of results from a review of the legislations in the five Nordic countries and results from a questionnaire that was sent to all fertility clinics to gather information about available options. Papers II and III present the findings of the interviews with 22 Nordic couples, after their first appointment with a specialist at the fertility clinic. The couples came from Denmark (3), Finland (6), Iceland (3), Norway (4) and Sweden (6). Study IV presents the findings of follow-up interviews with the same couples approximately three years later. For the qualitative study the tools of Grounded Theory were used.

Findings: In Study I it was found that Nordic couples generally have good access to assisted reproductive technology treatments (ART), although it is not evenly distributed and there are restrictions related to certain criteria, such as age. There are national differences in the legislations, especially regarding gamete donation. These differences open up for cross-border reproductive care, andmore than one third of the fertility clinics offered treatment to people from other countries. Study II describes the decision-making process of the couples when determining the “right time” to try for a child. The couples mention the need to feel prepared for parenthood; such as a stable social situation, and once they felt prepared they became more susceptible to decision-making catalysts, such as influence from friends and family. Fear of infertility made the couple accelerate their decision regardless of preparation. In Study III the decision-making process of seeking medical help is illustrated. The core category was “negotiation and re-negotiation”. The process of decision-making is first to accept that they have a problem in common, secondly that they need knowledge and finally to take action and get help. Study IV deals with the decision-making process during treatments. Of 22 couples, 17 had succeeded at becoming parents after approximately three years, three couples were still trying and two had not decided how to continue. The core category was “maintaining control in an uncertain situation”. The couples tried to keep focus on the goal and to learn to deal with the new world with various methods.

Conclusions:The structure of and the access to service for infertile couples differ between the Nordic countries. Some of the differences, e.g. regarding subsidy systems and waiting time, affected the decision making process since they could mean a delay in the treatment process or whether a private or public clinic was chosen. Additionally, a couple consists of two individuals with independent decision-making processes, which makes joint decision-making difficult and time-consuming. The couples have to negotiate their way to a consensus and are constantly confronted with new choices they need to re-negotiate on. The decision-making process, when dealing with infertility, is not a straight line, but rather a chain of small decisions affected by feelings, context and situation

Abstract [is]

Markmið: Markmið rannsóknarinnarvar að ná yfirsýn yfir þeim tæknifrjóvgunarmöguleikum sem norrænum pörum sem kljást við ófrjósemi stendur til boða, og að fylgja rökleiðslu þeirra og ákvarðanatökuferli sem tengist þessum möguleikum.

Aðferð: Megindlegum og eigindlegum aðferðum var beitt.Hönnun rannsóknarinnarsótti innblástur til Ecological systems theory, með söfnun gagna frálögum og reglugerðum (macro-stig), tæknifrjóvgunarstofum (meso-stig) og frá pörunum sem nýttu sérþessa möguleika (micro-stig). Grein Iinniheldur niðurstöður rýni á reglugerðum Norðurlandanna fimm, ásamt niðurstöðum spurningalista sem sendur var öllum tæknifrjóvgunarstofum til að fá upplýsingar um þá möguleika sem stóðu til boða. GreinarII og III kynna niðurstöður úr viðtölum við 22 norræn pör sem fórufram eftir fyrsta tíma þeirra hjá sérfræðingi á tæknifrjóvgunarstofu. Pörin komu frá Danmörku (3), Finnlandi (6), Íslandi (3), Noregi (4) og Svíþjóð (6). Grein IV kynnir niðurstöður framhaldsviðtala við sömu pör sem fóru fram u.þ.b. þremur árum síðar. Fyrir eigindlega hluta rannsóknarinnar var aðferðum úr Grounded theory beitt.

Niðurstöður: Grein Isýndi fram á að aðgengi norrænna para að tæknifrjóvgunarmeðferðum er alla jafna gott. Þó er aðgengið er ekki jafndreift og það eru hömlur sem tengjast tilteknum skilyrðum, svo sem aldri. Það er munur á reglugerðum landanna, sérstaklega hvað snýr að kynfrumugjöf. Þessi mismunur opnar fyrir tæknifrjóvgunarþjónustu yfir landamæri, en meira en þriðjungur tæknifrjóvgunarstofa buðu þjónustu sína fólki frá öðrum löndum. Grein II lýsir ákvarðanatökuferli paranna þegar þau ákvarða hvenær sé „réttur tími“ til að reyna að eignast barn. Pörin nefndu þörfina fyrir að finnast þau vera undirbúin fyrir foreldrahlutverkið, svo sem að hafa trygga félagslega stöðu, en að því búnu urðu þau móttækilegri fyrir ákvarðanatökuhvötum, svo sem áhrifum frá vinum og fjölskyldu. Óttivið ófrjósemi olli því að pörin flýttu ákvörðun sinni, óháð öðrum þáttum. Grein III varpar ljósi á ákvarðanatökuferlið sem leiðir til þess að leitað er aðstoðar sérfræðinga. Kjarnaflokkurinn (e. core category) var „að semja og endursemja“. Ferli ákvarðanatökunnar hefst með því að parið þarf að sætta sig viðað þau eigi við sameiginlegt vandamál að stríða, því næst þurfa þau að afla sér vitneskju, og loks að bregðast við ogleita hjálpar. Grein IV fjallar um ákvarðanatökuferlið meðan á meðferð stendur. Af 22 pörum, þá hafði 17 tekist að verða foreldrar eftir þrjú ár, þrjú pör voru enn að reyna og tvö pör höfðu ekki tekið ákvörðun um framhaldið. Kjarnaflokkurinn var „ að halda stjórn í ótryggum aðstæðum“. Pörin reyndu að einblína á markmiðið og að nota ýmsar aðferðir til þess að höndla nýjar aðstæður.

Samantekt: Það er munur á uppbyggingu og aðgengi að þjónustu fyrir ófrjó pör milli Norðurlandanna. Sumir þessara mismunandi þátta, t.d. niðurgreiðslur og biðtími, höfðu áhrif á ákvarðanatökuferlið þar sem þeir gátu tafið meðferðina eða ráðið því hvort parið leitaði til einkastofu eða opinberrar stofnunar. Par samanstendur af tveimur einstaklingumhvor um sig með eigiðákvarðanatökuferli, en það gerir sameiginlega ákvarðanatöku erfiða og tímafreka. Parið verður að semja til að komast að sameiginlegri niðurstöðu, en þarf síðan í sífellu að endursemja um nýja möguleika sem koma fram. Ákvarðanatökuferlið eins og það snýr að ófrjósemi er ekki bein lína,heldur er það keðja af litlum ákvörðunum sem mótast af tilfinningum, samhengi og aðstæðum.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nordic School of Public Health NHV Göteborg, Sweden , 2012. , p. 70
Series
NHV Reports and Doctor of Public Health-Theses, ISSN 0283-1961 ; NHV Report 2012:1
Keywords [en]
Nordic countries, in fertility, decision - making process, access, qualitative, ART
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3736ISBN: 978-91-86739-29-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:norden-3736DiVA, id: diva2:786515
Public defence
2012-04-13, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, Göteborg, Sweden, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2015-02-09 Created: 2015-02-05 Last updated: 2015-02-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Reasoning about timing of wanting a child:: A qualitative study of Nordic couples from fertility clinics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reasoning about timing of wanting a child:: A qualitative study of Nordic couples from fertility clinics
2011 (English)In: Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, ISSN 0264-6838, E-ISSN 1469-672X, Vol. 29, no 5Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: To explore the reasoning of Nordic couples recruited through fertility clinics in deciding ‘the right time’ to attempt conception and whether nationality impacts on this reasoning. Background: Although previous studies have explored the motivation for childbearing, few investigations have focused on how couples determine the ‘right time’ for parenting. Methods: A qualitative study, including 22 couples recruited from fertility clinics in the 5 Nordic countries. Results: Two main categories were identified: ‘prepared for parenthood’ with four subcategories – stable social conditions, stable relationships, appropriate age, mutual desire for children; and ‘decision-making catalysts’ with three subcategories – social balance, duty to family and fear of infertility. Conclusions: Preparation comes first and clears the way for influences from other factors, although fear of infertility caused couples to accelerate their decision-making processes. Nationality did not affect the categories, although this could be related to the fact that Nordic countries have similar social structures. Reasoning regarding ‘the right time’ depended on situation rather than nationality.

Keywords
infertility, ART, wish for a child, timing, Nordic countries
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3732 (URN)10.1080/02646838.2011.635298 (DOI)
Available from: 2015-02-05 Created: 2015-02-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05Bibliographically approved
2. Nordic couples’ decision-making processes in anticipation of contacting a fertility clinic
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Nordic couples’ decision-making processes in anticipation of contacting a fertility clinic
2010 (English)In: Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, ISSN 0264-6838, E-ISSN 1469-672X, Vol. 30, no 2Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: To explore the decision-making processes of Nordic couples in anticipation of contacting a fertility clinic after experiencing difficulties in conceiving. Method: A retrospective descriptive qualitative study of 22 heterosexual infertile couples recruited from fertility clinics in all five Nordic countries. Results: The process comprises three decisions: (i) accepting that they have a shared problem, (ii) acknowledging the need for more knowledge and (iii) taking action to get help. Subcategories were: (i) infertile or not, maintain the balance in the relationship; (ii) information from social networks and information from the health care system; (iii) having an alternative plan and fear of a wrong decision. The core category was ‘negotiation and re-negotiation’. Differences between the countries were found with regard to the time couples waited before contacting a fertility clinic, and in the utilisation of private vs. public clinics. Conclusion: It requires a process of negotiation and re-negotiation for couples to reach a compromise. Furthermore, the decision-making process is influenced by the structure of health care services in respective countries.

Keywords
infertility, ART, decision-making, Nordic countries
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3733 (URN)10.1080/02646838.2012.677021 (DOI)
Available from: 2015-02-05 Created: 2015-02-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05Bibliographically approved
3. Access to artificial reproduction technology in the Nordic countries in 2004.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Access to artificial reproduction technology in the Nordic countries in 2004.
2009 (English)In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6349, E-ISSN 1600-0412, Vol. 88, no 3, p. 301-7Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVE: To survey access to Artificial Reproduction Technology (ART) treatments in 2004 with regard to legislation, geographical location, financing and the kind of ART treatments provided in the Nordic countries.

DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive survey of practice at ART clinics and legislation.

SETTING: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.

SAMPLE: Sixty-six ART clinics registered with the Nordic Fertility Society in autumn 2005.

METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all ART clinics and a survey of legislation concerning ART treatments and public statistics was performed. The response rate was 79%.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Access to ART treatments.

RESULTS: The differences in legislation among the countries mainly concerns gamete donation. Couples living in larger cities or densely populated areas have best access to ART treatments. With regard to subsidizing of treatment costs, Finland and Denmark seem to be the best of the Nordic countries.

CONCLUSIONS: The main differences among the countries concern the legislation, the cost of the treatments and how those are subsidized.

Keywords
Infertility; ART; Nordic countries; access
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3734 (URN)10.1080/00016340802705949 (DOI)19241225 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2015-02-05 Created: 2015-02-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05Bibliographically approved
4. Nordic couples' decision-making processes during assisted reproduction treatments.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Nordic couples' decision-making processes during assisted reproduction treatments.
2013 (English)In: Sexual & reproductive healthcare : official journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives, ISSN 1877-5764, Vol. 4, no 2, p. 49-55Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVE: To study couples' perceptions of their decision-making process during the first three years of infertility treatments.

STUDY DESIGN: This study is a part of a larger project studying the decision-making processes of 22 infertile heterosexual couples, recruited from fertility clinics in all five Nordic countries, over a three year period. A descriptive qualitative method was used.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Process of decision-making during assisted reproduction treatments.

RESULTS: Seventeen couples had succeeded in becoming parents after approximately three years. Our study suggests that the decision-making process during fertility treatments has three phases: (i) recognizing the decisions to be made, with subcategories; the driving force, mutual project, (ii) gathering knowledge and experience about the options, with subcategories; trust, patient competence, personalized support, and (iii) adapting decisions to possible options, with subcategories; strategic planning, adaption. The core category was "maintaining control in a situation of uncertainty."

CONCLUSIONS: Two parallel processes affect couples' decision-making process, one within themselves and their relationship, and the other in their contact with the fertility clinic. Couples struggle to make decisions, trusting clinic personnel for guidance, knowledge, and understanding. Nevertheless, couples expressed disappointment with the clinics' reactions to their requests for shared decision-making.

Keywords
Infertility; ART treatment; Decision-making; Nordic countries
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3735 (URN)10.1016/j.srhc.2013.04.003 (DOI)23663922 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2015-02-05 Created: 2015-02-05 Last updated: 2015-02-09Bibliographically approved

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