The Nordic countries have long since adopted waste incineration instead of landfilling to handle their combustible waste while decreasing the environmental impact. In this report, we compare the countries and look into the future of waste incineration by trying to answer questions like:

 • How important is waste incineration for the energy sector in the Nordic countries?• Can circular economy goals be achieved while the waste sector continues to supply electricity and heat?

 • Is it possible to determine an optimal size of the sector in the Nordic countries?• What is the role of technology development and environmental legislation in the sector's path to reduced emissions?

 • Can CC(U)S be implemented in an environmentally responsible and profitable way? If so, what policy framework is needed for this?

 • What policy instruments are needed for an optimal level of waste incineration?