The right to freedom of expression and its corollaries, media freedom and media pluralism, are under constant pressure. Threats to the right and to the pluralistic public debate it nourishes come from all quarters, targeting public debate at different levels: its epistemic underpinnings, its participants, its structure and modalities, its scope and content, and its overall ecosystemic health. In this chapter, I examine those threats, in particular Big Tech’s power to control the flow of information and ideas online. I recall that the first principles of human rights protection of freedom of expression, developed by the European Court of Human Rights, form the matrix for EU regulation of media and platforms. Those principles must constantly prove their resilience, not least in fierce narrative battles over the nature and scope of freedom of expression. The vast array of threats targeting freedom of expression and public debate call for eternal vigilance.