This chapter investigates public service media ‘challengers’, understood as audience activists who support and critique public service media. The research looks at selected European countries. Challenger initiatives represent a broad spectrum from individual opinions and informal initiatives to well-informed, organised groups. Public sevice media challengers aim to promote public debate about public service media issues and influence governance. This chapter introduces and operationalises the public servive media challenger concept, drawing on document analysis, desk research and four semi-structured interviews with activists. Although the results are not generalisable, the research found two main types of highly-active networking groups that matter to the future of public service media in a networked society. One group are well-informed and organised public service media challengers who favour strong public service media and enunciate concrete recommendations. The other are civil society activists who are primarily concerned about public values and consumer-oriented issues, prone to be instrumentalised by neoliberal and populist interests.